Station Specs

A clean, structured overview: orbit, mass, modules, crew capacity, and key milestones

International Space Station

Five-agency partnership and long-duration microgravity lab.

Five space agencies from 15 countries operate the ISS. It has been continuously crewed since Nov 2000 and serves as a long-duration research platform in low Earth orbit.

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Crew capacity

7

Continuous; 3-13 during handovers

Mass

419,725 kg

Varies with visiting vehicles

Modules

16

Pressurized modules in the assembled complex

Altitude range

370-460 km

Low Earth orbit band

Orbit and path

300 km370 km420 km460 km500 km

Inclination

51.6 deg

Period

about 90 min

Speed

about 7.7 km/s

Orbits per day

16

Dimensions and volume

Length

51 m

Width

109 m

Across solar arrays

Pressurized volume

1,005 m3

Habitable volume

388 m3

Modules and layout

Core and service

Russian segment

Zarya provides power and storage; Zvezda provides life support and propulsion.

Labs

Science

Destiny (US), Columbus (ESA), Kibo (JAXA), and Nauka (Roscosmos).

Nodes

Connectivity

Unity, Harmony, and Tranquility link modules and systems.

Airlock and observation

EVA and Earth views

Quest airlock supports spacewalks; Cupola provides panoramic views.

Docking hub

Ports

Prichal adds additional Russian docking ports.

Selected modules shown. The ISS includes more elements.

Timeline

Nov 1998

Zarya launches

First ISS element placed in orbit.

Dec 1998

Unity joins

First U.S. module installed and connected to Zarya.

Jul 2000

Zvezda arrives

Service module adds life support and propulsion.

Nov 2000

Continuous crew begins

Expedition 1 starts uninterrupted human presence.

Feb 2001

Destiny lab

U.S. laboratory module installed.

Apr 2001

Canadarm2

Robotic arm arrives for assembly and maintenance.

Jul 2001

Quest airlock

Dedicated airlock enables U.S. segment spacewalks.

Oct 2007

Harmony node

Node 2 connects major science modules.

Feb 2008

Columbus lab

ESA laboratory installed.

Jun 2008

Kibo lab

JAXA experiment module installed.

Nov 2009

Poisk module

Russian docking and EVA support module installed.

Feb 2010

Tranquility node

Life support systems and crew facilities expand.

Feb 2010

Cupola

Panoramic observation module added.

May 2010

Rassvet module

Docking and cargo module installed.

Mar 2011

PMM

Permanent Multipurpose Module adds storage volume.

Apr 2016

BEAM

Expandable habitat technology demo installed.

Dec 2020

Bishop airlock

Commercial airlock expands external research.

Jun 2021

iROSA 2B/4B

First roll-out solar arrays installed.

Jul 2021

Nauka

Russian multipurpose laboratory module installed.

Nov 2021

Prichal

Docking hub with multiple ports added.

Dec 2022

iROSA 3A/4A

Second set of roll-out solar arrays installed.

Jun 2023

iROSA 1A/1B

Latest roll-out solar arrays installed.

Science and life aboard

Research focus

Microgravity research

Materials, fluids, combustion, and physics experiments in long-duration microgravity.

Human health

Study long-duration effects on the body and develop countermeasures.

Earth observation

Monitor Earth systems, disasters, and climate from orbit.

Technology demos

Test life support, robotics, and deep-space systems.

Life and operations

Exercise routine

Crew exercise about 2 hours per day to reduce muscle and bone loss.

Water recovery

Water Recovery System reduces delivered water by about 65 percent.

Sunrises per day

The station sees about 16 sunrises and sunsets every 24 hours.

Good to know

House-sized interior

Six sleeping quarters, two bathrooms, a gym, and a 360-degree view bay window.

Global coverage

Orbit passes over more than 90 percent of Earth's population.

Assembly flights

Major modules arrived on 42 assembly flights (37 Shuttle, 5 Russian Proton/Soyuz).