Aerospace Tools
Explore our open-source aerospace tools, calculators, and simulators
Mach Number
Calculate Mach number and local speed of sound based on airspeed and altitude.
Reynolds Number
Determine the Reynolds number for various fluid flow scenarios and conditions.
Normal Shock
Calculate property changes across a normal shock wave in supersonic flow conditions.
Isentropic Flow
Calculate pressure, temperature, and density ratios across an isentropic flow.
Lift & Drag
Calculate lift and drag forces, coefficients, stall speed estimation, and basic aerodynamic performance.
Oblique Shock
Calculate properties across oblique shock waves based on upstream conditions.
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion
Determine flow turning and property changes through an expansion fan.
Drag Polar Estimator
Estimate CD0, induced drag factor, and target drag from two parabolic drag-polar points.
Skin Friction Estimator
Estimate flat-plate laminar/turbulent skin-friction coefficient and drag.
Stagnation Temperature
Calculate compressible-flow stagnation temperature and total-to-static ratios from Mach number.
Airfoil Generator (NACA)
Generate NACA 4/5-digit coordinates and basic aerodynamic metrics.
Sphere Flow
Calculate drag coefficient, pressure distribution, and flow characteristics around a sphere for various Reynolds numbers.
Finite Wing Lift Slope
Estimate 3D wing lift-curve slope from 2D airfoil slope, aspect ratio, and span efficiency.
Boundary Layer Thickness
Estimate laminar and turbulent flat-plate boundary-layer thickness and skin-friction coefficients.
Prandtl-Glauert Correction
Apply the subsonic Prandtl-Glauert compressibility correction to lift or pressure coefficients.
ISA Atmosphere
Calculate atmospheric properties (altitude, pressure, temp, density) using the ISA model.
Aircraft Weight Sizing
Calculate aircraft weight breakdown, fuel fractions, payload capacity, weight fraction relationships, and wing loading (W/S).
Aircraft Performance Basics
Calculate maximum lift-to-drag ratio, optimal velocities for range and endurance, and basic aerodynamic performance characteristics.
Dynamic Pressure
Calculate q-bar and sea-level equivalent airspeed from velocity and air density.
Climb & Descent Performance
Analyze climb rates, angles, time to climb, service ceiling, descent planning, and glide performance characteristics.
Performance Envelopes
Generate V-n diagrams, flight envelopes, gust load factors, maneuver limits, and performance boundary analysis.
Range & Endurance Analysis
Calculate aircraft range and endurance using Breguet equations, optimal cruise conditions, and fuel flow analysis.
Takeoff & Landing Distance
Compute balanced field length and runway distance requirements.
Pitot-Static Airspeed
Calculate incompressible airspeed from pitot-static differential pressure and density.
Coordinated Turn
Turn radius, bank angle, and load factor for specified speed and rate.
E6B Flight Computer
Digital E6B: wind correction, TAS, density altitude, and more.
Wing Loading & Stall Speed
Size wing loading and stall speed from aircraft mass, wing area, density, and maximum lift coefficient.
Aircraft Glide Range
Estimate still-air glide range, glide time, and sink rate from altitude, speed, and lift-to-drag ratio.
Service Ceiling Estimator
Estimate service ceiling from sea-level climb rate and climb-rate lapse with altitude.
Static Margin
Calculate aircraft or rocket static margin from center of gravity, neutral point, and reference chord/diameter.
Radar Range Equation
Estimate maximum radar detection range based on system parameters.
RF Link Budget
Compute one-way RF received power, carrier-to-noise ratio, data capacity, and link margin.
Antenna Gain
Calculate antenna gain, beamwidth, and directivity for parabolic and horn antennas.
Free Space Path Loss
Calculate signal attenuation in free space for various frequencies and distances.
Doppler Shift
Calculate frequency shifts due to relative motion between transmitter and receiver.
Noise Figure
Calculate system noise figure and noise temperature for cascaded amplifiers.
Modulation Index
Calculate modulation index and bandwidth for AM, FM, and PM signals.
Bit Error Rate (BER)
Calculate BER for various modulation schemes and signal-to-noise ratios.
Polarization Loss
Calculate signal loss due to polarization mismatch between antennas.
Atmospheric Attenuation
Combine gaseous, rain, cloud/fog, and miscellaneous atmospheric losses over a slant path.
Antenna Array
Calculate beam steering, normalized pattern, and beamwidth for uniform linear antenna arrays.
Shannon Capacity
Calculate theoretical channel capacity using Shannon's theorem.
Unit Converter
Convert between common units frequently used in aerospace engineering calculations.
Astronomical Unit Converter
Convert between AU, km, m, light-years, parsecs, and lunar distance.
Coordinate System Converter
Convert between WGS84 geodetic, ECEF, UTM, and MGRS coordinates.
Scientific Calculator
Advanced scientific calculator powered by Desmos.
Cost Analysis
Calculate costs vs quantities, tool costs vs production amounts, and economic analysis for aerospace projects.
Payload Mass Budget
Roll up subsystem masses, contingencies, propellant, system margin, and launch capacity margin.
Power & Energy Budget
Size spacecraft solar-array and battery capacity from orbital sunlight, eclipse, load, and margins.
Eclipse Duration
Calculate circular-orbit eclipse duration from altitude, beta angle, and central-body parameters.
Thermal Radiation Balance
Calculate radiative equilibrium temperature from absorbed power, area, and emissivity.
Second-Order Response
Calculate damping ratio response metrics such as overshoot, settling time, and damped natural frequency.
Reaction Wheel Sizing
Estimate reaction-wheel angular momentum storage, wheel inertia, and kinetic energy for an attitude slew torque.
Circular Orbit
Calculate circular-orbit period, velocity, escape speed, and mean motion around common or custom bodies.
Vis-Viva Equation
Calculate orbital velocity and specific energy from radius, semi-major axis, and gravitational parameter.
Hohmann Transfer
Calculate the required delta-v for efficient Hohmann transfer orbital maneuvers.
Bi-Elliptic Transfer
Evaluate three-impulse bi-elliptic transfer delta-v, time of flight, and Hohmann comparison.
Sphere of Influence
Calculate Laplace sphere-of-influence radius for patched-conic mission design.
Hill Sphere
Calculate Hill radius and rough stable satellite orbit limits from orbit and mass ratio.
Delta-V Budget
Input delta-v values for mission phases to calculate total requirements.
Sun-Synchronous Orbit Designer
Design the J2-driven inclination needed for a sun-synchronous low Earth orbit.
RAAN Drift
Compute nodal precession due to J2 for sun-synchronous and other LEO orbits.
Plane Change Optimizer
Minimize delta-v for inclination/RAAN changes and combined maneuvers.
Reentry Heating & Corridor
Estimate stagnation-point reentry convective heating with the Sutton-Graves correlation.
Orbital Elements
Convert inertial position and velocity vectors into classical orbital elements and classify orbit geometry.
Kepler's Equation Solver
Solve Kepler's equation for elliptical orbits and convert between mean, eccentric, and true anomaly.
Hyperbolic Trajectory
Analyze hyperbolic orbits, escape trajectories, and flyby missions with hyperbolic excess velocity.
Launch Azimuth
Estimate inertial launch azimuth needed to reach a target inclination from a launch latitude.
Phasing Maneuver
Estimate a one-revolution phasing orbit and two-burn delta-v for circular-orbit rendezvous timing.
Ground Track Repeat Cycle
Estimate orbit count and longitude shift for a repeating ground-track cycle.
Orbital Drag Decay Estimator
Estimate circular-orbit semi-major-axis decay rate from drag area, mass, density, and velocity.
C3 Energy
Convert characteristic energy into hyperbolic excess speed and parking-orbit departure delta-v.
Ground Sample Distance (GSD)
Calculate pixel resolution, coverage area, and footprint for aerial/satellite photography missions.
Aircraft Tracking Rate
Calculate aircraft angular tracking rate and exposure limit from speed, range, and crossing angle.
Satellite Streak
Calculate satellite streak length in arcseconds and pixels for camera exposures.
Telescope Focal Length
Calculate effective focal length, focal ratio, magnification, and exit pupil.
Diffraction Resolution
Calculate diffraction-limited angular resolution and ground spot size for circular apertures.
Rocket Equation
Estimate rocket delta-v performance using the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
Propellant Mass Fraction
Calculate propellant mass fraction based on initial and final masses.
Thrust-to-Weight Ratio
Calculate thrust-to-weight ratio for aircraft or rockets.
Specific Impulse Converter
Convert specific impulse values between seconds and velocity units.
Propeller Performance Estimator
Calculate propeller advance ratio, thrust coefficient, power coefficient, and efficiency.
Nozzle Design (C-D)
Calculate ideal converging-diverging nozzle area ratio, mass flow, thrust, and Isp.
Brayton Cycle Analyzer
Analyze ideal Brayton cycle temperatures, work, thermal efficiency, and back-work ratio.
Electric Propulsion Sizing
Estimate electric-thruster thrust, mass flow, total impulse, and propellant from power and Isp.
Thrust-Specific Fuel Consumption
Calculate TSFC from fuel mass flow and thrust in SI and customary units.
Actuator Disk Hover
Estimate induced velocity, ideal hover power, and disk loading from momentum theory.
Rocket Burn Time
Calculate propellant mass flow, burn time, and total impulse from thrust, Isp, and propellant mass.
Turbopump Power Estimator
Estimate hydraulic and shaft power for a pump from mass flow, pressure rise, density, and efficiency.
Effective Exhaust Velocity
Convert rocket specific impulse into effective exhaust velocity, mass flow, and thrust power.
Compressor Tip Speed
Calculate rotor tip speed, corrected speed, and tip Mach number for compressor preliminary checks.
Beam Bending & Deflection
Deflection, slope, shear, and moment for common beam load cases.
Column Buckling
Euler buckling and effective length factors for structural members.
Fastener Shear/Bearing
Allowables and margins for rivets/bolts in single- and double-shear.
Pressure Vessel Stress
Hoop and longitudinal stresses for thin/thick-walled cylinders and spheres.
Stress Concentration Factor
Kt values for common geometric features like holes, fillets, and notches.
Fatigue Life Estimator
Estimate high-cycle fatigue life from Basquin stress-life constants.
Torsion
Shear stress and angle of twist for circular and non-circular cross-sections.
Safety Factor & Margin
Calculate safety factors and margins of safety for structural designs.
Natural Frequency
First mode natural frequency for beams, plates, and simple structures.
Thermal Stress
Estimate constrained thermal stress and force from modulus, expansion coefficient, temperature change, and area.
Von Mises Stress
Calculate plane-stress von Mises equivalent stress and safety factor.
Plate Buckling
Estimate elastic local buckling stress for a thin rectangular plate.
Shear Flow
Calculate thin-wall shear flow and shear stress from shear force, first moment, inertia, and wall thickness.
Rivet Group Load Distribution
Estimate direct and torsional shear per fastener for a circular rivet or bolt group.
Material Index Explorer
Compare aerospace materials by specific stiffness, specific strength, material indices, and cost-adjusted performance.
Drone Flight Time Estimator
Estimate endurance from battery capacity, payload, and environment.
Survey Grid/Mapping Planner
Plan UAV mapping line spacing, image interval, photo count, and flight time from camera overlap.
Battery Sizing for UAV
Estimate pack voltage, capacity, and C-rating for mission profiles.