Soviet Space Program

The Soviet Space Program was the state-run human-spaceflight and launch effort of the Soviet Union, responsible for milestones such as Vostok, Voskhod, Salyut, Soyuz, and the Soviet side of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. It predated Roscosmos and operated through government ministries, design bureaus, cosmonaut training organizations, and launch-site infrastructure rather than as a single modern agency.