NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Program launched on 30 June 2001 to map the cosmic microwave background over the full sky. Its measurements transformed precision cosmology by constraining the universe’s age, geometry, matter content, dark energy, and primordial structure; WMAP completed science-data collection on 19 August 2010 after operations at the Sun–Earth L2 point.