KBKhA's RD-0146 was a development-stage LOX/LH2 upper-stage engine and Russia's first expander-cycle liquid rocket engine. The KBKhA/AIAA technical paper documents a closed expander cycle, 10-ton-force vacuum thrust, 451–463 s vacuum specific impulse, 1–5 starts within a flight, and 400–1100 s operating duration; the row records development status without asserting a flown vehicle installation.