Chollima-1 Launch Vehicle

Chollima-1 is a three-stage North Korean orbital launch vehicle flown three times in 2023 from the Sohae launch site. The first two Malligyong-1 launch attempts failed, while the third placed the satellite into orbit on 21 November 2023. Public technical assessments describe a liquid-propellant first stage with two twin-chamber engines; no documented evidence is used here to force Chollima-1 into the earlier Unha lineage.