X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Demonstrator Research Aircraft Family

The X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability demonstrator family comprised two international research aircraft flown by NASA, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, Rockwell Aerospace, and German partners to test thrust-vectoring and advanced digital flight controls in the post-stall regime. The first aircraft flew in 1993 and was lost in 1995; the program logged 580 research and demonstration flights before concluding in June 1995, with the surviving aircraft continuing follow-on research and later entering a German museum collection.